Emotional Intelligence, Spiritual Intelligence, and Self-Efficacy of Guidance Advocates
Keywords:
Emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, self-efficacy, guidance advocates, development planAbstract
This is a descriptive-correlational study using the survey method. This study aimed to determine the levels of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and self-efficacy among guidance advocates in order to identify areas for growth and development ultimately enhancing professional competencies of guidance advocates, specifically based on their age, gender, years of experience, and professional status. Purposive sampling technique was used to select a total of 74 guidance personnel from both public and private schools in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental. The survey questionnaires used were the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, and General Self-Efficacy Scale. The participants’ emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and self-efficacy are positively interrelated and influenced by demographic factors. These findings support the need for a structured, integrative development plan for the guidance advocates that will help them in better understanding themselves and enhance their work efficacy. Results between the competencies of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy correlation coefficients are positive and statistically significant but interpreted as low association. While positive low association between spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy implies that spiritual intelligence increases, the level of self-efficacy also increases, although the relationship is not strong. The correlation results between the components of emotional intelligence, and spiritual intelligence, revealing low but positive associations.
References
Abdolrezapour, P. and Alipour, J. (2021). Fostering Spiritual Intelligence and a Concomitant Development of WTC in EFL Learners. Teaching Theology & Religion, 24(3), 136-151. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/teth.12592
Abdul Rahim, N. S. B., Mohamed Taha, N. B., Hussain, M. A. B., Azman, N. A. A. B., & Mohd Zuki, N. H. B. (2023). Exploring the relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and counselling self-efficacy among counselling students at private universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4), 1498–1514. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i4/16790.
Amthul, F. (2022). To study the influence of gender on general self-efficacy among collegiates. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 10(4), Article 68. https://doi.org/10.25215/1004.068.
Aydogan, M., McGlothlin, J., and Jencius, M. (2024). The Relationship of Self-Efficacy, Self-Advocacy and Multicultural Counseling Competency of School Counsellors: A Structural Equation Model. Journal of Psychologist and Counsellors in School, 34(1), 50-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20556365231207245
Bali-Mahomed, N. J., Ku-Johari, K. S., Mahmud, M. I., Amat, S., & Saadon, S. (2022). Psychological well-being of school counsellors model. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(2), 621–638. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.2.621.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
Brodowicz, M. (2024). Descriptive correlational design in research. aithor.com. https://aithor.com/essay-examples/descriptive-correlational-design-in-research#11-purpose-of-descriptive-correlational-design
Chakma, C., Majid, I., and Lakshmi, Y.V. (2023). Spiritual Intelligence of Teachers and Students. Education and Society (Special Issue), 21-27. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED629773.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Decena, A. J. B., & Singson, D. N. E. (2022). Lights and Shadows: Lived experiences of guidance advocates in the practice of ethical bracketing. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=18125
Durahim, N. S. binti A. R., Taha, N. binti M., Hussain, M. A. M. bin, Azman, N. A. A. binti, & Zuki, N. H. binti M. (2023). Exploring The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Spiritual Intelligence and Counselling Self-Efficacy among Counselling Students at Private Universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(4), 1801 – 1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v13-i4/16790
Frawley, C., Campbell, L., Kelchner, V. and Babb, K. (2023). Exploring Counselor Self-Efficacy through a Service-Learning Project among Youth with Unique Abilities. Journal of Service-Learning in higher Education, 17, 118-135. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1396318.
Gojar, P. J., Michael, F., Yambao, P., & Yabut, E. (2025). Relationship between supervisory and organizational support and professional quality of life among Filipino Guidance Associates and Designates: Towards a supportive supervision program framework (pp. 654–667). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14814763.
He, W., & Wong, W. C. (2021). Gender differences in creative self-efficacy: Findings of mean and variability analyses. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 42, 100955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100955.
Hernandez, A.K. (2022). Emotional Intelligence and Self-Perceptions of Counseling Competency in Counselors in Training. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13657&context=dissertations.
Hilts, D., Liu, Y., and Luke, M. (2022). School Counselors’ Emotional Intelligence and Comprehensive School Counseling Program Implementation: The Mediating Role of Transformational Leadership. The Professional Counselor, 12(3), 232-248. doi: 10.15241/dh.12.3.232
Johnston, L.N. (2021). Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence, Psychological Ownership, Burnout, and Well-Being’s Effect on College Counselor Self-Efficacy. Walden University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://www.proquest.com/openview/c44c2943db1d690b5c98983b107680a4/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
King, D. B. (2008). Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model, and measure (Unpublished master’s thesis). Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Lopez-Garrido, G. (2023). Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory of Motivation in Psychology. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-efficacy.html
Lucero, S. (2021). Emotional Intelligence, Resilience, and Coping Strategies of the Helping Professionals, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publication (IJMRAP). 3(11), 58-74. http://surl.li/arvfai
Marzban, A., Fereidooni‐Moghadam, M., & Ghezelbash, S. (2022). The relationship between spiritual intelligence and resilience in family caregivers of patients with chronic mental disorders. Perspectives in psychiatric care, 58(4), 2846-2853.
Mehri, S., Yousefian, M., & Asadi, H. (2025). Spiritual intelligence and job performance of prehospital emergency personnel working in Ardabil Province, Iran, in 2023. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 10(3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.32598/hdq.10.3.377.6.
Mohammadi, N., & Fardebrahimi, F. (2023). The Successful Aging: The Role of Life Style, Spiritual Intelligence and Self-Efficacy. Aging Psychology, 8(4), 361-373. doi: 10.22126/jap.2022.8540.1677.
Mohd Nasir, M. A., Mat Ali, N., Abdul Aziz, A. R., Ismail, S., & Mohd Faudzi, F. N. (2023). An investigation of emotional intelligence and counselling self-efficacy among counsellors-in-training. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12(3), 1222–1229. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i3.24476.
Monet, J. A. L., & Shuib, T. R. (2024). Emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction of school counselors. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i1/21101
Moraga-Pumarino, A., Salvo-Garrido, S., & Ortiz-Cea, V. (2025). Gender, self-efficacy, and academic performance: Evidence in business education program. Behavioral Sciences, 15(5), 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050563.
Naqiyah, N., & Sholeha, E. (2023). Self-efficacy on school counselors in delivering middle school student’s majoring assistance. In R. H. E. Sendouw et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the UNICSSH 2022: Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (Vol. 698, pp. 867–877). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-35-0_105.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Perry, J., Parikh, S., Vazquez, M., Saunders, R., Bolin, S., & Dameron, M. (2020). School Counselor Self-Efficacy in Advocating for Self: How Prepared Are We?. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 13(4). Retrieved from https://research.library.kutztown.edu/jcps/vol13/iss4/5
Priyadharsan, S., & Saravanabawan, A. (2021). Does age matter to influence self-efficacy: Review of related literature. Journal of Management, 16(2), 17–25. https://www.seu.ac.lk/jom/publication/v16n2/JOM16_2_03.pdf.
Saxena, V. & Soni, S. (2023). Relationship between spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy of working adults (Master’s dissertation, Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences). International Journal of Novel Research and Development. https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2306141.pdf.
Sfetcu, N. (2023). Models of Emotional Intelligence in Research and Education. Cunoașterea Științifică, 2(3). 77-86, DOI: 10.58679/CS72804
Sharma, S., & Sharma, S. (2024). A Study of Spiritual Intelligence of Higher secondary school teachers in Relation to Their Teaching Effectiveness. International Journal of Science and Social Science Research, 2(2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13317036.
Şimşir, Z. (2021). Counselor candidates’ journey to self-awareness: Personality theories. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 14(3), 308–322. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.862571.
Todorova, A. (2024), "Examining emotional intelligence evolution with age: insights from Bulgarian digital entrepreneurs of different generations", IIMT Journal of Management, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/IIMTJM-12-2023-0075.
Trentini, C., Tambelli, R., Maiorani, S., & Lauriola, M. (2021). Gender Differences in Empathy During Adolescence: Does Emotional Self-Awareness Matter? Psychological Reports, 125(2), 913-936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120976631.
Uniyal, S., & Uniyal, A. (2020). Impact of work experience on emotional intelligence at workplace. International Journal of Advanced Research, 8(1), 668–674. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/10347.
Wan Zulkifli, W. N., Ishak, N. A., & Mat Saad, Z. (2017). The spiritual intelligence self-report inventory (Sisri 24) instrument reliability among delinquent teenagers. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 22(7), 44-47.
Wapaño, M.R. R. (2021). Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health among Adolescents. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 5(5). http://surl.li/dpzdps
Yao, X., Yu, L., Shen, Y., Kang, Z., & Wang, X. (2021). The role of self-efficacy in mediating between professional identity and self-reported competence among nursing students in the internship period: A quantitative study. Nurse Education in Practice, 57, 103252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103252
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Syque P. Tingson (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
