Factors Affecting the Learners’ Reading Comprehension Skills
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15648147Keywords:
Comprehension Skills, learners, Reading skillsAbstract
Reading skills are fundamental to academic achievement, serving as a gateway to mastering various learning areas. This study aimed to determine the degree of factors affecting learners’ reading comprehension skills of a school in a district of a large division in Central Philippines for the school year 2024-2025. A descriptive research design was employed using a researcher-made instrument, with responses gathered from 151 elementary teachers. Findings revealed that the overall degree of factors affecting learners’ reading comprehension skills, was very high. When grouped and compared according to age, sex, and length of service, the level remained consistently very high. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference based on age, but a significant difference was found based on length of service, particularly in the area of parental involvement. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the area of learning environment across all demographic variables. However, a significant difference emerged based on sex in the area of stakeholders’ support. These findings highlight the significance of both teaching experience and gender-related perspectives in examining the factors that impact learners’ reading comprehension, especially in the areas of parental involvement and stakeholder support. Thus, it is recommended that educational leaders and policymakers develop targeted interventions that consider teaching experience and gender perspectives to enhance learners' reading comprehension.
References
References:
Ahmed, S. &. ( 2019.). Long-term parental engagement and its role in enhancing reading skills among primary school students. Reading Psychology, 40(7), 673–692.
Bennett, A. &. (2019). ). The role of teacher tenure in shaping the literacy environment and student reading outcomes. . Reading Research Quarterly, , 54(4), 453–472.
De Clercq, D., & Pereira, R. (2019). Resilient employees are creative employees, when the workplace forces them to be. Creativity and Innovation Management, 28(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12328
Dobbs-Oates, J., Roberts, R., & Korte, K. (2018).Classroom environment and children’s early literacy development: Examining the roles of emotional support and classroom organization.
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 45, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.05.003
Ely, R. J., & Padavic, I. (2020). What’s really holding women back? Harvard Business Review, 98(2), 58–67. https://hbr.org/2020/03/whats-really-holding-women-backHarvard Business Review
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2020). Parental involvement and reading achievement: A meta-analysis of age-related effects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(3), 456–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000382
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2020). Parental involvement and reading achievement: A meta-analysis of age-related effects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(3), 456–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000382
Ford, M., & Opitz, M. (2020). Flexible and personalized teaching methods help students stay engaged and improve their reading. Journal of Literacy Research, 52(1), 45–67.
Ghafournia, N., & Afghari, A. (2018). The interaction between reading strategies and reading proficiency across different levels of EFL learners. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 34(3), 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2017.1392789
Guthrie, J. T., & Wigfield, A. (2020). Engagement and motivation in reading: Theory and practice for instruction. Educational Psychologist, 55(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2019.1709401
https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2019.1594732
Johnson, A., & Stevens, R. (2020). Teachers with shorter service rated items like the availability of reading materials, sufficient reading instruction time, and the use of differentiated strategies slightly higher. Teaching and Teacher Education, 89, 102–115.
Jing, L. (2022).Metacognitive awareness and reading comprehension among secondary school students.
Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 115(2), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000652
Lee, C., & Sanders, R. (2019). Stakeholder collaboration and age-specific reading outcomes: A multi-level analysis of elementary and secondary learners. Journal of Educational Research, 112(6), 725–739.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2018.1557751
Lee, J., & Shute, V. J. (2020).The role of metacognition in learning and achievement. Educational Psychologist, 55(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2019.1655649
Lee, C., & Smith, D. (2020). Those with longer service also gave consistently high ratings, showing that their experience helps maintain a strong reading environment. Educational Review, 72(3), 305–320.
M., & Green, L. (2019). Gendered responses to classroom environment and their effect on reading comprehension: A comparative study using literacy assessments. Reading Psychology, 40(3), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/02702711.2018.1555367
Maloy, R. W., & Edwards, S. A. (2020). Training provided by outside groups boosts teachers’ skills and confidence, which helps students better understand what they read. Educational Leadership, 77(5), 34–39.
Manguilimotan, R. P., Zabala, J. T., Encog, C. A., Padillo, G. G., & Capuno, R. G. (2024). Factors Affecting the Reading Comprehension Skills of Grade 3 Learners. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 7(3), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v7i3.1930.
Martini, F., & Sénéchal, M. (2019).Learning to read: A meta-analytic study of the role of teaching strategies and classroom environment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(6), 987–1002. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000345
Myrtil, M., Justice, L. M., Purtell, K. M., & Logan, J. A. R. (2019).
Preschool instructional environments and language and literacy development: A latent profile analysis.
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 47, 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.07.005
Miller, K., & Johnson, P. (2020). Age-related differences in the impact of learning environment on reading comprehension skills: Evidence from classroom literacy assessments. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 36(4), 310–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2020.1711830
Niklas, F., Cohrssen, C., & Tayler, C. (2020). The sooner, the better: Early reading to children predicts later reading in school. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 53, 284–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.05.002
Nguyen, H. T., & Newton, D. P. (2020). Multi-sectoral stakeholder involvement in enhancing literacy outcomes in diverse school settings. Journal of Education Policy, 35(4), 456–472.
Nguyen, T., & Hall, J. (2019). Gender differences in parental and teacher support for reading: Implications for comprehension achievement. Reading and Writing, 32(6), 1471–1491.
Smith, J., & Brown, L. (2021). Females often perceive educational supports more positively than males, particularly regarding social and community involvement. Gender and Education, 33(1), 1–15.
Smith, J., & Williams, L. (2024). The Role of Stakeholder Engagement in Enhancing Educational Outcomes in South Africa. JMPI: Jurnal Manajemen, Pendidikan Dan Pemikiran Islam, 2(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.71305/jmpi.v2i2.85
Smith, J., & Yang, L. (2020). Professional development on effective reading environments and ensuring classrooms are well-equipped to foster student literacy outcomes. Literacy Today, 38(2), 22–29.
Sutherland, W., & Jarrahi, M. H. (2018). The sharing economy and digital platforms: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 328–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.07.004IDEAS/RePEc
Silinskas, G., Torppa, M., Lerkkanen, M.-K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2021).Reciprocal effects between parental homework support and children’s academic performance in reading and math.
Learning and Instruction, 71, 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101393
Tadesse, S., & Gillies, R. M. (2019). Parental and community involvement in schools: The views of novice and experienced teachers. Educational Studies, 45(3), 343–361.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2018.150978
Ülle, T., Loogma, K., & Jõgi, A.-L. (2019).Learning strategies and reading literacy: Explaining student performance in PISA reading tests. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 63(5), 733–748. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2018.1444784
Wang, M. T., & Sheikh-Khalil, S. (2018). Parental involvement and children’s academic and social development in elementary school. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(2), 466–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12419
Weigel, D. J., Martin, S. S., & Bennett, K. K. (2020). Pathways to literacy: The role of early parent-child interactions in reading development. Early Child Development and Care, 190(11), 1712–1724. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1542380
Wiescholek, S., Buhl, M., Köller, O., & Grabbe, J. (2018). Effects of parental involvement on students’ reading performance: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Educational Research, 111(3), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2016.1267048
Zhao, Y., & Lu, X. (2020). Schools can further support this by offering professional development on effective reading environments. International Journal of Educational Development, 74, 102–110.
Yeo, L. S., Ong, W. H., & Ng, C. M. (2019). Influences of home and school environments on children’s early literacy development in Singapore. Asia-Pacific Journal of Research in Early Childhood Education, 13(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.17206/apjrece.2019.13.1.59
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Elisa Jane M. Famoso, Riggi L. Lachica, Mylene A. Bautista (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.