School Heads' Leadership Practices in Relation to Teachers' Performance

Authors

  • Roma Cristy P. Ramirez Teacher 2, Rizal Elementary School, District V, Department of Education, Philippines Author
  • Dr. Bart Albert P. Bautista Teacher 3, Mandalagan Elementary School, District I, Department of Education, Philippines Author

Keywords:

School Heads Leadership Practices, teachers’ performance, Department of Education

Abstract

Through DepEd Order No. 24, s., the Department of Education established the Philippine Professional Standards for School Heads (PPSSH) in recognition of the changing needs of education in the twenty-first century. 2020, which provides a framework for professional accountability and lifelong learning (Department of Education, 2020). This study aimed to determine the level of School Heads’ leadership practices in relation to teachers’ performance in one of the districts in a medium sized division during School Year 2024-2025. Descriptive research design was adopted for this study and the statistical tools used were Frequency Count and Percentage Distribution, Mean, Mann Whitney U Test and Spearman rho. The result of the study showed that the level of School Heads’ leadership practices was high in the following domains: Leading Strategically, Managing School Operations and Resources, Focusing on Teaching and Learning, Developing Self and Others, and Building Connections. When grouped according to the aforementioned variables, Schools Heads leadership practices was on high level. Teachers’ Performance was on “very satisfactory” level. There was a significant relationship between the level of School Heads’ leadership skills when grouped and compared according to aforementioned variables.

 

 

References

Academia.edu. (2024). School heads’ leadership styles and teachers’ performance.

Akol, W. D. (2024). Managerial Behavioral Functions and Competence of Administrators Among Selected Junior High Schools in Bacoor City: Basis for Training Program Model. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research. 6 (3).

Almazan, A. R. C. (2024). Servant Leadership Practices, School Heads’ Decision-Making Skills, and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(11).

AITSL. (2019). Developing self and others: Leading for impact. Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL). (2018). Developing Self and Others.

Aquino, C. J., Afalla, B. T., & Fabelico, F. L. (2021). Managing Educational Institutions: School Heads’ Leadership Practices and Teachers’ Performance. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(4), 1325–1333.

Avery, G., & Bergsteiner, H. (2011). Sustainable leadership: Practices for enhancing business resilience and performance. Strategy & Leadership, 39(3), 5–15.

Balbuena, C. M. B., Capacio, J. P. B., & Ocdenaria, J. M. E. (2025). Leadership Perspectives of Filipino School Heads in Diverse International Contexts: A Multiple Case Study. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, May 2025.

Balfanz, Robert. (2024). STRENGTHENING SCHOOL CONNECTEDNESS TO INCREASE STUDENT SUCCESS. Education Research for Action. Brief # 29.

Baluyos, G. R., Rivera, H. L., & Baluyos, E. L. (2019). Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Work Performance. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7(8), 206–221.

Barola, R. (2022). Profile and Level of Performance of Elementary School Heads in Leading Strategically: Basis for the Development of Policy Recommendations. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 12(3), 2022–2034.

Buenvinida, L. P., & Ramos, M. T. S. (2019). Transformational Leadership Practices of School Heads and Performance of City Schools in the Division of First District of Laguna, Philippines. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 799–812.

Bush, T. (2018). Leadership and context: Why one-size does not fit all. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 3–4.

Cabigao, J. R. (2019). Professional competencies of school heads and their impact on school outcome, organizational culture, and principals’ performance [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].

Camino, H. O. (2021). Aging in Teaching: What Does It Bring? Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(3), 5279–5289

Camua, B. (2025, July 8). PBEd urges DepEd to give school heads more decision-making power. Rappler.

Casas, R. R. L. (2023). Family Income Classification on Students’ Academic Performance: A Correlational Study. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 12, 833–836.

Chong, W. H., Loh, W. M., & Mak, M. C. (2020). School Leadership and Teacher Professional Learning in Singapore: A Study of Teachers’ Perceptions. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(2), 263–283.

Cruz, J. A., & Madarang, A. S. (2021). Leadership and Management Practices of Multi-Grade School Heads in the Division of Camarines Norte. IRE Journals, 4(10), 1–10.

Cruz, M. G. (2018). The Impact of Teacher Leadership in Public High School. De La Salle University Research Congress Proceedings.

Dawang, J. R., & Genuba, R. S. (2024). Authentic leadership and work engagement among public school heads: Self-efficacy as a mediating variable. International Journal of Innovative Research in Management Engineering, 3(9), 89–101.

Dellomas, J. L., & Deri, R. A. (2021). Leadership Practices of School Heads in Public Schools. International Journal for Innovation and Research in Technology, 4(2), 1–10.

Department of Education. (2020). DepEd Order No. 24, s. 2020: National Adoption and Implementation of the Philippine Professional Standards for School Heads.

Eddy-Spicer, D., Crawford, M., Earley, P., James, C., & Bubb, S. (2014). Effectively managing headteacher performance. Department for Education, UK.

Flores, G. R. L., & Dopeño, M. L. (2024). Performance Learning: School Heads’ Initiatives, Teachers’ Proficiency, and Parental Support. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18(5), 1–12.

Gaol, Nasib. (2021). School leadership in Indonesia: A systematic literature review. SAGE Journals Publication. 51(4).

Generalao, I. N., Ducanes, G., Yee, K. M., & David, C. C. (2022). Teacher Education in the Philippines: Meeting the Demand for Quality? Philippine Journal of Public Policy.

Goddard, R. D., Salloum, S. J., & Berebitsky, D. (2018). Resources, Learning, and Policy: The Relative Effects of Social and Financial Capital on Student Learning in Schools. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 23(1), 1–20.

Guiab, M. R., & Ganal, N. N. (2020). Demographic Profile of Public School Heads and School-Related Problems. Philippine Normal University-Isabela Campus.

Gumus, E. (2019) Investigation of mentorship process and programs for professional development of school principals in the USA: The case of Georgia. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management. 7 (1): 2-41.

Gurr, D., & Drysdale, L. (2020). Leadership for challenging times. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(1), 1–14.

Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2019). Leading professional learning with impact. School Leadership & Management, 39(1), 1–4.

Indon, E. C. (2024). Managerial Competence of School Heads in the Implementation of Educational Procedures: Basis for a Development Plan. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 8(4), 40–57

Gangmei, E. (2019). Trends of Recent Research on Effective Leadership in Relation to School Education. International Journal of Innovative Studies in Sociology and Humanities. 4(5).

Gustafsson, J.-E., Yang Hansen, K., & Rosén, M. (2018). Socioeconomic Status and School Performance. In D. Leu, C. McVee, & J. G. Cromley (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Literacy and Diversity (pp. 145–160).

Groenewald, J., Mokoena, S., & Naidoo, P. (2024). Contextual leadership in South African schools: A strategic perspective. South African Journal of Education Leadership, 42(1), 15–32.

Hacker, S. (2019). Transformational leadership: Creating Organizations of Meaning. Quality Press.

Hairon, S., & Goh, J. W. P. (2020). Predictors of instructional leadership in Singapore school system. The HEAD Foundation.

Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the Instructional Management Behavior of Principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2), 217–247.

Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2019). Leading professional learning with impact. School Leadership & Management, 39(1), 1–4.

Indon, E. C. (2021). Managerial Competence of School Heads in the Implementation of Educational Procedures: Basis for a Development Plan. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(8), 40–57

Jabonillo, E. (2022). School culture and its implications to leadership practices and school effectiveness. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(11), 942–953.

Jung, S. B., & Sheldon, S. B. (2020). Connecting Dimensions of School Leadership for Partnerships with School and Teacher Practices of Family Engagement. School Community Journal, 30(1).

Laerd Statistics. (2018). Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS Statistics.

Leithwood, K., Azah, V. N., & Harris, J. (2020). An international perspective on school leadership effects. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(2), 312–342.

Lipata, J. L., & Deri, R. A. (2021). Leadership practices of school heads in public schools. International Journal for Innovation and Research in Technology, 4(2), 1–10.

Liou, Y. H. (2015). School Leaders’ Strategic Thinking and Innovation. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43(5), 755–770.

Lingam, G. Leadership and Management Training for School Heads: A Milestone Achievement for Fiji. (2024).

McBrayer, J. S., Akins, C., Gutierrez de Blume, A., Cleveland, R., & Pannell, S. (2020). Instructional Leadership Practices and School Leaders’ Self-Efficacy. School Leadership Review, 15(1).

Menon, M. E., & Mubeen, S. A. (2018). School Leadership for Teacher Development: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 21(3), 310–328.

Merano, E. S. (2023). Financial Management Competence of School Heads and Performance of Schools in Leyte Division. International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive, 5(2), 60–77.

Nabong, A. R., Ballesteros, L. G., & Tibayan, R. V. (2020). Operational Leadership Practices of Public School Heads in the Philippines: Basis for Capacity Development. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(4), 677–695

Naguit, J. Z. (2024). Instructional leadership practices of school heads and performance of teachers in instructional supervision. International Journal of Academic Management Studies.

OECD. (2019). The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) 2018: Australian Report Volume 1

Origines, M. A. N. E. (2022). School-Based Management and School Heads’ Competencies and Practices. International Journal of Research Publications, 104(1

Ortiz, O. E. Jr., Blancia, H. M., Pamittan-Gabaran, M., Corpin-Garcia, V. L., & Dela Cruz, J. M. M. (2025). School Heads’ Instructional Leadership Styles and Administrative Challenges as Perceived by School Heads and Teachers in the Philippines. Pedagogy Review: An International Journal of Educational Theories, Approaches and Strategies, 4(2), 114–121.

Osman, E. Z. (2023). Transformational leadership in Singapore schools: Insights from a groundbreaking study. Eduxtrum.

Paladio, C. M. G. (2023). Strategic Leadership Performance of the School Heads in DepEd Masbate City Division. International Journal of Novel Research and Development, 4(1), 1–15.

Pana, E. (2024). School Heads’ Instructional Leadership and Performance: Basis for Strategic Leadership Program. International Journal of Scientific and Management Research, 7(2), 26–40.

Panlaque, R. S. (2023). The essence of Philippine Professional Standards for School Heads. DepEd Bataan.

Pollock, K., & Hauseman, D. C. (2021). Principals’ work and wellbeing in Canada: The impact of COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, (196), 1–34.

Posner, B. Z. . (2019). Investigating the reliability and validity of the Leadership Practices Inventory Administrative Sciences. 6 (4): 1-23.

Postholm, M. (2019). Teachers’professional development in school: A review study. Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University ofScience and Technology.

Precioso, J. T., & Chua, M. D. (2025). Performance of School Heads and Teachers in Public Elementary Schools. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 8(5), 2772–2784.

Rather, T. A. (2024). Role of School Leadership in Context of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI). 13 (7): 109-114.

Reyes, Y. D. (2018). Teachers’ and School Administrators’ Perception on the Strategic Leadership Practices of School Administrators. The Educational Review, USA, 2(8), 432–446.

Rico, K. B. (2021). Utilization of Financial Resources and Development of School Facilities and Services for Students and Teachers of Esperanza National High School. Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal, 2(3), 325–338

Rivera, L. K. (2023). School Leadership Practices to the School-Based Management Performance. International Journal of Research Publications, 123(1), 288–297

Salleh, Hairon. (2020). PREDICTORS OF

INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN SINGAPORE SCHOOL SYSTEM. headfoundation.org/ Working Papers Series No. 4/2020.

Schleicher, A. (2018). Valuing our teachers and raising their status: How communities can help. OECD Publishing.

Silva, P. M., & Andal, E. Z. (2023). School Head’s Governance in Managing School Operations and Resources as Correlate of Public Elementary School’s Performance. International Journal of Research Publications, 127(1), 537–548

Shah, M. A. H., Hussain, S., & Khoso, A. A. (2021). Investigating the Relationship Between Family Income and Students' Academic Achievement at the Secondary Level. International Research Journal of Education and Innovation, 2(2), 1–12.

Soroño, C. G., & Quirap, E. A. (2023). School heads’ instructional leadership and teachers’ performance. International Journal of Research Publications, 125(1), 356–366.

Statology. (2022). How to interpret the Mann-Whitney U test.

Tan, C. H.. (2023). Understanding Singaporean Educational Leadership. Educational Leadership and Asian Culture. Research Gate. 170-190. The University of Hong Kong.

TeacherPH. (2023). Philippine Professional Standards for School Heads (PPSSH).

UNESCO. (2018). School Leadership and Learning Outcomes.

UNESCO IIEP. (2021). IIEP in action 2020–2021.

Valenzuela, E. S., & Buenvinida, L. P. (2021). Managing School Operations and Resources in the New Normal and Performance of Public Schools in One School Division in the Philippines. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(2), 149–157.

Valmores, C. P. (2021). School Heads’ Administrative and Leadership Skills: Its Influence on School Performance. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 4(3), 1–15

Downloads

Published

2025-10-22

How to Cite

Ramirez, R. C., & Bautista, B. A. (2025). School Heads’ Leadership Practices in Relation to Teachers’ Performance. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research for Innovation, Sustainability, and Excellence (IMJRISE), 2(10), 22-35. https://risejournals.org/index.php/imjrise/article/view/1419